System: Constitutional Monarchy
Head of state: Tsar Nicolas II
Area: 22,470,004 square kilometres
Population: 163,778,000
Military expenditures: 24.5 % of the total state expenditures in 1912
Military forces during peacetime: 1,377,500 men (including Cossacks, fleet units and units of the Minis-
tries of Finance and Justice)
Entry into the war: 1 August 1914 as a part of the Triple Entente
Total mobilised by the end of the war: 12,000,000 men
This winter headwear (model 1910 papacha) is made of wool, imitation fur and uniform cloth. In extremely cold temperatures it was possible to fold down the nape of the neck to better protect the ears. A Russian cockade is attached to the front of the cap. The heavy grey cloth coat provided good protection against wind and cold. The hidden fastening included iron hooks and at the back, the coat was tightened with a belt buckle. The lightweight gear also included a streamlined belt with a thorn buckle and a leather ammunition pouch on the right side.